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2011年10月9日 星期日

[追悼]影響人類文明發展的孤高奇才--Steve Jobs(3)

 NeXT電腦的硬體科技即使再先進, 對於一般消費者來說實在是太昂貴, 而且使用也太不方便, 即使是美國高等教育的研究部門也難以大量購買, 硬體銷售完全失敗, 從1985年成立到1990年才正式推出 NeXT Cube, 到1993年宣布關閉生產硬體的工廠, 轉型為以 NeXTSTEP 作業系統為主的軟體公司為止, 總共只賣出約 5 萬台, 但是高達2.5億美元的投資金額幾乎全部虧掉.

 即使如此, NeXT Cube 還是無巧不巧地改變人類的生活, 因為後來在瑞士核子研究組織(CERN)發展出全球資訊網(WWW)的蒂姆·伯纳斯-李(Tim Berners-Lee)就是以 NeXT Cube 架設全世界第一台 WWW 伺服器, 因為 NeXT Cube的硬體配備及 NeXTSTEP 作業系統內建相當好的軟體開發環境, 就此讓 WWW 進入人類的生活.


上圖引用自 ARTHUR BULLARD 的個人網頁, 他請蒂姆·伯纳斯-李在他的NeXT Cube上簽名.

 經過離開蘋果電腦將近10年的期間, 他領悟到自己不可能再像20多歲時那麼幸運就成為一家成功電腦公司的老闆. 他在1993年決定停止硬體生產, 重新把公司轉型成為一家軟體公司, 把 NeXTSTEP 作業系統移植到其他電腦平台, 包括全世界市場規模最大的 Intel 平台電腦, 這也是為什麼後來的蘋果 Macintosh 電腦可以在放棄當初與 IBM, Motorola 合作開發的 PowerPC 處理器平台, 而改採 Intel 平台. 而賈伯斯在1997年"鳳還巢"蘋果就是因為賈伯斯已經擁有一套可以順利移植不同平台, 穩定的作業系統--OPENSTEP, 而當時蘋果電腦為了新的作業系統開發及市場業績不斷下滑而傷透腦筋.

 而賈伯斯已經因為 Pixar 電腦動畫公司推出的"玩具總動員(Toy Story)"電影大賣而鹹魚翻生, 成為新的商場明星, 再加上手中握有 OPENSTEP 王牌, 蘋果電腦公司就以買下NeXT的方式, 請賈伯斯回來拯救蘋果電腦.

 在賈伯斯重回蘋果電腦, 重新改造蘋果電腦公司(Apple Computer Inc.)成為蘋果公司(Apple Inc.)之前. 我覺得他就像史記中的項羽, 是一個在年輕時就闖出一片天下, 卻被自己僥倖偶然的成功壓垮的悲劇英雄. 後來也有一個類似的人物, 就是 Netscape 的創辦人之一的 Marc Andreessen, 他原本是美國依利諾州立大學厄巴諾-香檳分校的研究生, 在校區裡的美國超級電腦應用中心(NCSA)與同事一起開發出 Mosaic, 第一個方便操作的全球資訊網(WWW)瀏覽器, 後來畢業後成為名噪一時的 Netscape 代表人物, 他也跟賈伯斯一樣, 在公司股票上市後, 成為美國時代雜誌的封面人物.

 在1981年IBM推出 Personal Computer以前, 個人用電腦並未真正地進入商用市場, 被當作商業經營的工作, 即使是 Apple II 相當地熱賣, 也促成蘋果電腦公司的成立及股票公開上市. 但是 IBM PC 及其相容電腦在微軟1995年推出完全圖像式介面的 Windows 95 作業系統之前, 都必須靠使用者牢記操作指令才能使用. 在Windows 95 推出之前, 推動電腦科技前進的主要動力是電玩遊戲, 從完全文字介面的遊戲到要求聲光效果的遊戲, 一再地要求硬體廠商推出更快的中央運算處理器, 更好的繪圖晶片, 更先進的音效處理晶片等等, 這些都是一般消費者市場的要求.

 商用市場的消費者--企業及企業員工對於電腦科技的適應都是慢半拍的, 因為他們要兼顧新硬體及新軟體能否繼續支援原來的工作, 換電腦硬體及軟體的速度非常快, 但是使用者要適應新的操作方式就相對緩慢許多.

 蘋果電腦公司自從1984年推出麥金塔電腦以來, 就講求直覺式的操作方式, 雖然我在1988年就買了第一台宏碁的80286電腦, 但是心中一直對麥金塔電腦懷有憧憬, 即使買不起, 也會到蘋果的經銷商去蒐集蘋果電腦的DM, 一直到後來自己工作穩定才買了第一台 Apple PowerMac 601來玩玩.

 當初原本是我的同事買, 結果幫他介紹買了之後, 又有一些問題產生. 雖然 Macintosh 的操作非常容易, 即使是還沒上小學的小朋友摸兩下就會, 但是真正使用它來做一些事情的時候, 偶爾還是會有一些系統問題產生, 即使它的系統設計已經相當人性化, 不過它終究只是電腦, 有的事情也還只是說一動做一動, 我的同事以人類的思考, 認為麥金塔電腦應該有"舉一反三"的能力才對.

 而電腦經銷商對於這種初學者的問題顯得相當不耐煩. 或許是我的責任感太強, 覺得自己幫忙介紹經銷商, 似乎有連帶責任, 看看價錢也不算太貴, 就買了來玩玩, 甚至還幫忙把公司的舊型蘋果電腦整理出來, 供同事們當作休閒娛樂用的電腦, 也就是在那個時候, 我取了 Mackinglis 的代號, 諧音就唸成麥經理. (待續)

[系列文章]
[追悼]影響人類文明發展的孤高奇才-- Steve Jobs

[追悼]影響人類文明發展的孤高奇才-- Steve Jobs(2)

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