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2011年10月8日 星期六

[追悼]影響人類文明發展的孤高奇才--Steve Jobs(2)

即使到1980, 90年代, 個人電腦還是很昂貴的"高科技產品", 除了蘋果的麥金塔電腦以外, 多數仍必須靠使用者輸入指令, 它才會動作, 整個螢幕多數時候只有一個一直閃爍的游標. 直到微軟在1995年推出像麥金塔這樣的全圖像式操作的作業系統 Windows 95 之後, 一般人才變得跟電腦親近多了, 直到1998年推出的 Windows 98 才真正地支援網際網路(Internet). 而現在多數人使用的PC個人電腦之所以有USB(通用序列匯流排)插槽, PS/2鍵盤及滑鼠插槽及乙太網路插槽都是在全球資訊網(WorldWide Web)及網路風行之後才成為標準的固定配備, 以前的PC只有內建一個鍵盤的插槽, 其他的序列(供通訊用)及平行介面都必須另外添置, 而這些配備很早就在蘋果電腦公司推出的麥金塔電腦上實現了.

 而賈伯斯在離開蘋果之後, 並沒有真正地瞭解自己為何會被蘋果的董事會開除, 而只是充滿憤怒,被背叛的情緒. 他在離開蘋果之前, 就曾與大學的教授交流, 得知高等教育還需要一種擁有更強大的運算及繪圖能力的"工作站級"電腦, 可以模擬DNA重組, 進行工業設計及科學模擬運算等. 當時市場已經有 Sun, HP, Apollo等廠商. 而這些工作站電腦大多採用精簡型指令集處理器(RISC), 而當時IBM相容PC使用Intel的處理器是複雜指令集處理器(CISC), RISC 因為核心的指令集較少, 可以達到較高速的運算, 再加上有科學運算所需的浮點運算能力, (Intel 設計生產的 CPU 一直到 486 才有內建浮點運算功能) , 再加上支援多工作業的 Unix 衍生的作業系統, 大尺寸的螢幕, 支援同時處理需求的SCSI介面硬碟等.

 他在1985年離開蘋果的時候, 就告訴董事會, 他將創立另一家新的電腦公司, 而且公司有些員工會跟著他離開, 而且新公司的業務將不會跟蘋果重疊, 形成競爭關係, 希望公司不要刁難. 不過蘋果電腦一開始並不放心, 曾對他提起告訴, 竊取公司内部資訊. 不過當時他的公司只有六個人, 蘋果在開庭審理前撤告.

 不過憑著他從車庫裡創業成功的故事及他個人的魅力, 他很快就獲得德州富豪裴洛(後來他曾以獨立競選人參加美國總統選舉)2,000萬美元的投資, 不過錢來得太容易, 賈伯斯花得也痛快, 光是公司商標, 他就花了10萬美元請著名的設計師Paul Rand設計.


 這個立方體不只是公司的商標而已, 連最後的成品也是黑色立方體的電腦主機, 第一代推出的主機真得就是一英尺立方的黑色盒子. 硬體規格完全超乎當時的一般電腦, 以內建的RAM記憶體而言, 當時的一般PC只有1~4MB, 而它卻內建8~64MB, 一般PC使用1.2MB 或1.44MB 的磁碟片, 它卻採用最新磁光碟片(MO), 以雷射光來改變碟片上的磁性來記錄資料, 容量達256MB, 內建網路, 因為整台電腦只有內建硬碟及MO磁光機, MO片在使用時無法退出, 所以必須透過網路來傳遞及交換檔案, 在1990年以9,999美元上市.



 MO磁光碟片當時一片的成本就要150美元, 而在賈伯斯的說服下, 日本廠商 Canon同意以一片50美元銷售, 甚至作價及投資1億美元的換取NeXT 16.67%的股權.

 就算電腦硬體性能再優越, 沒有軟體作業系統, 就只是一堆無用的廢物, 為了要發揮它性能, 賈伯到了卡內基美隆大學說服當時負責研發物件導向 Mach 核心的類 Unix 作業系統的 Avie Tevanian 加入他的團隊, 也就是這個 Mach核心的作業系統成為賈伯斯後來得以重回蘋果的關鍵之一.(待續)

[系列文章]
[追悼]影響人類文明發展的孤高奇才--Steve Jobs

1 則留言:

  1. "Intel 設計生產的 CPU 一直到 486 才有內建浮點運算功能...."

    是啊我的第一台PC 就是386 的CPU 等級, 後來還花了 x 元加裝了一棵 80387 浮點運算IC ..

    回覆刪除

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家徒四壁, 唯好讀書!

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